![]() British Medical Journal 282: 1576–1578.īulbulia J 2004 Religious costs as adaptations that signal altruistic intention. Vintage, London.īranthwaite A & Cooper P 1981 Analgesic effects of branding in treatment of headaches. ![]() Oxford University Press: Oxford.īoyer P 2001 Religion explained. Journal of American Medical Association 287: 622–627.īenedetti F 2009 Placebo effects: understanding the mechanisms in health and disease. Free Press, New York.īarsky AJ, Saintfort R, Rogers MP & Borus JF 2002 Nonspecific medication side effects and the nocebo phenomenon. Oxford University, Oxford.īarrett JL 2004 Why would anyone believe in God? AltaMira Press, Walnut Creek.īarrett JL 2012 Born believers: The science of children’s religious belief. The Journal of Neuroscience 19: 484–494.Ītran S 2002 In gods we trust. Neuropharmacological Dissection of Placebo Analgesia: Expectation-Activated Opioid Systems Versus Conditioning-Activated Specific Subsystems. Actual and perceived health effects of religiosity may therefore have played an underestimated role during the evolution of religiosity through both biological and cultural pathways.Īmanzio, M., and Benedetti, F. Second, any perceived health effects, both positive and negative, would further have provided a unique selling point for ‘religiosity’ per se. First, any real positive health effects of religiosity would have provided a direct biological advantage. This may have played an important role in the evolution and diffusion of religion through two main pathways. In combination, lifestyle, social support networks, and placebo effects thus produce both actual and perceived health effects of religiosity. Physiological mechanisms identified to lie behind placebo effects activate the body’s own coping strategies and healing responses. Third, there are clear parallels between religious healing practices and currently identified methods that induce placebo effects. Second, actual health effects of religiosity are thus mainly traceable to effects from a regulated lifestyle, social support networks, or placebo effects. First, traditional methods of religious healers seldom rely on active remedies, but instead focus on lifestyle changes or spiritual healing practices that best can be described as placebo methods. In this paper, I draw on knowledge from several disciplines to explicate the potential evolutionary significance of health effects of religiosity.
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